Abstract
Campus
carry is a term to define carrying guns on campus by people older than
twenty-one years old. This has been an important topic to argue about in the
past recent years nationwide, mostly because people’s opinions toward overall
safety of campuses are different, and often completely opposed to each other.
Pro-gun advocates believe that the general safety of campuses would be
diminished by this law, whereas anti-gun advocates think the opposite. This
proposition has been a case of debate in Texas Tech University (TTU) more
frequently since the Texas Legislature passed the law of carrying guns on
campus, effective by October 1, 2016.
We, as an advanced English writing class at TTU, were interested in
studying the situation on our campus regarding this law, and people’s
perspective toward that. In this study were reviewed 12 articles, which
discussed different aspects of this law from both sides. Different possible
effective parameters were considered in the articles such as political view,
gender and age. Moreover, the debates and examples given by both sides to back
up their claim to study whether or not the campus carry law would increase the
overall safety of campuses were discussed. In order for us to see what people
thought at TTU, we conducted a poll among 148 respondents, all associated with
the university, and gave them 26 questions which were chosen based on our
hypotheses. Then, we tabulated the data into Excel and analyzed them closely to
see what the results meant and how they could guide us to reach a conclusion
about the perception of the majority of people. Interestingly, we observed that
about fifty-nine percent of respondents believed that the campus was going to
be a less safe place to study and work. This result can be of interest of those
who want to learn about TTU’s general perception about this case; however, the
number of respondents might not reflect the whole population of Texas Tech
University.
Keywords: campus carry, Texas Tech campus carry law, gun carry survey- Sina Saravi
Introduction
Campus Carry is a law which allows carrying guns
on campuses to each individual older than twenty-one years old. Campus carry
has been an important topic to debate, especially in colleges and university
environments in the past recent years. There is a huge controversy around this
case on some campuses about whether or not this action would make the academic
atmosphere safer. There are many aspects which have been brought up from two
sides, the pro-gun and anti-gun, that should be taken into account. This debate
also has become popular here in Texas Tech University, since carrying concealed
guns has been allowed by law as it is passed by Texas Legislature and will be
effective on campus by October 1, 2016. However, it should be noticed that only
people with concealed handgun licenses (CHL) are eligible to carry guns on
campus (Michael, 2015). We, as participants of an advanced writing class at
Texas Tech University, have decided to do research in this area. We were
curious to learn about the students` point of view as well as that of faculty
and staff to determine the popularity of this law; hence, we put together a
poll which was conducted among Texas Tech respondents. There are many plausible
parameters which can be considered to have significant impact on everyone`s
opinion. We suspected that the political view of people may give us a good idea
about which side they stand on. It is expected to have more opposition toward
campus carry among Democrats and more support by Republicans. A survey was
conducted by the University of Texas at Austin among their students and results
showed that majority of Republicans were in favor of guns while the majority of
Democrats were opposed to them (Concealed carry on college campuses support,
2015). This result clearly supports the hypothesis which we assumed earlier,
but still should be studied in Texas Tech as well. Furthermore, most of us
believed that the gender of respondents might be another parameter which could
be effective in the results. Some people think women will be less likely to be
assaulted if they can carry a gun on campus. However, according to the article
“Say no to guns on college campuses”, the authors believe that the number of
fatalities among women increases wherever there are more guns (Reindl and
Cocco, 2015). Furthermore, many of us think that the age of people would play a
key role in their idea toward campus carry, so we decided to divide the
respondents into a range of different ages including younger as well as older
than twenty-one years old. That is because, for example, it is important to see
how younger students would feel when their classmates have guns but they are
not allowed to carry one. In general, we were wondering whether carrying
concealed guns on campus would make us feel safer and if more people with guns would
help everyone in case of a mass shooting similar to what happened in Virginia
Tech. As mentioned in the article “Colorado shooting shows the failure of gun
control laws”, the author pointed out that carrying guns would make people feel
safer and guns can protect them (Pratt, 2012). Do we agree with this statement
or should we think about negative possible consequences? All these
controversies led us to study this particular case with the use of real
statistics to learn more about campus carry and people`s feeling toward that at
Texas Tech University.
Literature
Review and Hypothesis
As was introduced above, carrying concealed guns is a law that
allows people to be armed on campus, which is often called campus carry. This
topic is quite a controversial debated case, nationwide. The major public
concern is to conclude whether or not this law will make the campuses safer
than before. There are pro-gun advocates who think by applying this law, people
will be able to protect themselves. For example Tressa Welsh believed that
innocent people should not be prevented from carrying guns in order to protect
themselves, upon a mass shooting in Colorado theater which had 12 fatalities
(Welsh, 2012).
Furthermore, Madison Welch believed that guns should not be
prohibited, people should be able to carry guns on Texas Tech University campus
and it would not make the university a more dangerous place. Welch also
believed that increasing the security would not seem that necessary (Welch,
2015). On the other hand, anti-gun advocates believe we might end up with a far
worse chaos in case of a shooting incident; thus in general, guns will not
guarantee that people live safely. This debate has always been an interesting
topic here at Texas Tech University as well; especially after Texas Legislature
passed a bill about campus carry which will be effective on October 1, 2016
(Michael, 2015). In various articles, people have studied about different
aspects of this issue and done much research considering different possible
effective parameters. For example it is said that guns should not become a common
item carried in classrooms and academic atmosphere as well as the extra costs
would be another problem (Alford, 2015). In another study, Jenna Simsen and Lindsay
Humphrey talked about some negative consequences that could happen in their
university (University of Houston-Clear Lake) such as alcohol consuming by
younger students, and that could cause numerous problems if they carried guns
as well (Jenna Simsen and Lindsay Humphrey, 2015). People`s opinions might be
drastically different from the others, depending on their age, gender and
political view.
In case of political view, the common belief is that people who are identified with Republicans are more in
favor of carrying guns; on the other hand, Democrats usually are opposed to
doing so. According to a survey which was conducted at University of Texas at
Austin, a majority of Democrats disliked having guns on campus (Concealed carry
on college campuses support, 2015). The results showed that sixty-nine percent
of Republicans think that concealed guns should be allowed on campus, in
contrast to the Democrats with seventy-two percent opposition.
__________________________________________________________________
Hence, we believe that there is going to be a similar trend in most
campuses such as Texas Tech University even though there could be differences
in people`s perception from one city to another city and one college to
another. We think it is more likely that people at Texas Tech University support
campus carry in general and think that guns will make our campus safer, because
we suspect that there are more Republicans here. This prediction has led us to include this assumption in our study
and ask people about their political view in the survey.
__________________________________________________________________
However, political view is not the only parameter that can cause
difference in opinions. Some people believe that carrying guns will help women
to be safer as well as it will be less likely for them to get assaulted if they
carried guns (Kaufman, 2015). However, the same article reports that according
to a conducted survey, near one third of victims were assaulted by their close
friends or partners; thus, the authors suggest that guns are not our best
options to protect women. Furthermore, in another study (Reindl and Cocco,
2015), the author brought up the fact that the number of female casualties
rises wherever there are more guns.
__________________________________________________________________
As we see, it is important to consider the differences between men
and woman in our research. I personally think that the campus will not be a
safer place for women if everyone has a concealed gun. However, we hypothesized
that there were going to be many people who thought otherwise. As mentioned
above, guns might not be a good solution according to statistics. Sometime, the
assaulter might grab the victims` guns and use them against the owner. So
this parameter should be taken into account and look for real statistics from
respondents.
__________________________________________________________________
Another possible important factor can be considered as age. Some
people believe that younger students might not be able to handle guns as well
as older ones. However, in an article titled “Allowing guns on campus will cost
Texas Tech $7 million dollars” the author refers to a scientific fact that
expresses that there is no specific age in which you can say the human mind is
completely developed (Morgan, 2015). This means that even in older ages, people
might not be able to control themselves as they thought they could. Moreover it
should be noticed that how faculty might feel about their students carrying
guns while sitting in classes. Would they feel safe in this way or not? According
to a study, by applying this law, the tension between students and professor
might increase and professors would not feel as comfortable as they used to
towards their students and might get frightened by them (Clark, 2015). Also
Joanna Cattanach pointed out the same issue which the professor would be scared
of the students and also students who had experienced or witnessed gun violence
might feel more nervous if they saw guns in classes (Cattanach, 2015)
__________________________________________________________________
Based on above mentioned facts, we suspected that asking the
respondents about their age could help us figuring out what is the relation
between their ages and their feeling toward campus carry. We were curious to
find out what younger students might feel if their classmates had guns while
they were not allowed to bring one on campus. Also we were curious how faculty
and staff would think of this law and whether or not this law would cause them
to be more intimidated and nervous. We believe faculty and staff are more
likely to oppose this law because they do not want to feel anxious in class or
their work area. Also I personally suspect that students around 21-22 years old
are more likely to support this law because they are young and more likely to
take risks as well as they are allowed to carry one.
__________________________________________________________________
There are also many debates about this question: whether or not
guns could help us in case of a mass shooting. Some people support campus carry
and think it could prevent some disasters like the mass shooting at the
Virginia Tech. They say people should be able to protect themselves in case of
an incident similar to Virginia Tech shooting; otherwise, many people could die
because they were in a gun free zone and could not defend themselves (Pratt,
2012).
__________________________________________________________________
According to a supporter`s point of view, guns might help people on
campuses to defend themselves in case of chaos. But unlike that, we believe
that guns will not make the campus safer because people cannot do well under
pressure; moreover it is hard to distinguish between the good guys and bad guys
in case of a mass shooting. So we tried to ask this question to see what the
majority of Texas Tech community would think.
Method
As we discussed in the previous part, we predicted a few hypotheses
which represented our thought toward campus carry. Reviewing related articles
have introduced us to different ideas and points of view in which have led us
to conclude those hypotheses. However, we were interested in verifying them
with use of statistical study and this goal could not be achieved unless we
prepared a survey to ask people about their opinion. We, the participants of our English class,
reached to an agreement in a way that all the survey sheets must be spread out
among Texas Tech University community. That is because we thought people outside
of the Tech community would not be faced to the possible problems regarding
campus carry, so the questions should be asked from those who are going to deal
with future issues or benefits of campus carry law directly. The other term that we agreed on was to keep
the gender of the respondents balanced. We wanted to keep the number of male
and female respondents as close as possible to each other. Furthermore, both
Americans and internationals were considered to answer the questionnaire to
demonstrate the diversity on campus properly. The final version of the
questionnaire that we came up with in this study includes twenty-six questions
which were printed on a page front and back and were given to people from
different departments on campus to have a better distribution (Appendix A). All
the hypotheses that were mentioned in literature review and hypotheses part
were considered to be asked in the questionnaire. At the beginning of the
survey, respondents were asked to identify their gender by checking male or
female. Also there was another question about our hypothesis toward safeness of
women in case of carrying guns. Since we predicted that women are not going to
be safer if they carried guns all the time, we wanted to determine what
respondents will believe about this matter. They only had two choices to
answer: Yes and No. Although we did the
question in this way to help us to interpret the results better, but I think we
could have done in a way that the respondents were not be forces to answer bios
and could express their belief a little bit more exact. Another hypothesis that we made was to
consider the age range and the effect that it could have on people`s feeling
toward campus carry. Also we expected to see differences in opinions between
students and faculty. So we included a question about this case in which they
had to describe their role at TTU by choosing one of the following:
Undergrad<21, Undergrad 21 & over, Graduate/master`s, Graduate/PhD,
Faculty and Non-Fac. Employee. I think this question was well prepared and general
while being exact enough for our purpose. The reason that the age of 21 was
important for us was that at this age, people are allowed to get their CHL
(Concealed Handgun licensing). Moreover, articles suggested that people who
identified with the Democrats were more likely to oppose campus carry and on
the other hand, the Republicans were more likely to support this law. Hence, we
considered a question about their political view in which they had to choose
between Republican, Democrat, Other and Independent/NA. I think the structure
of this question was good enough because in this way, they had all the choices
to feel comfortable to answer. However, for interpreting the data, we had to
consider all the four categories and it made the work a little bit harder, but
the results are going to be closer to reality. Last, we were interested in
determining whether or not people`s perceptions were going to be similar to our
hypothesis about general safety of the campus by applying this law. We included
a few questions regarding this and in one case, people were asked to answer a
very general question: “Do you think concealed gun carry permission will make
the campus safer overall?” while they were given two choices to answer which
were only “Yes” and “No”. Although we
could have given them more choices, for example a scale from 1 to 5 for them to
express their feeling toward the general safety of the campus; we wanted to
know what their final opinion was about this law.
After spreading out the survey among the participants from
different departments at TTU, we ended up with one hundred and forty eight surveys
of which seventy-six were male and seventy-two were female, so we were able to
get the numbers close to what we wanted. We tabulated all the data in an Excel file
which is including each individual`s answer to the twenty-six questions. The
results were categorized accordingly in different graphs which will be
introduced in the result part of this paper.
Results
In this part are discussed the results which we got from the
respondents followed by several graphs plotted by use of achieved data in order
to back up our statements. Interestingly, some of the plots and results were in
favor of our hypotheses and some of them proved otherwise. As mentioned in
previous part, we tried to keep the gender of the respondents close to each
other and as Figure 1 (Appendix B) suggests; 51% of the people who were asked
were male and 49% of them were female. Thus, we were able to conduct a balanced
poll in terms of gender. There were many questions in the survey, but we were
more interested in extracting those data that could help us prove or disprove
our hypotheses. For example we believed that the majority of the Texas Tech
University community would support the campus carry law. Hence, we tried to
answer this question by using question 25 of the survey, which was about the
overall safety of the campus after applying the campus carry law. Among all the
respondents, 59% of them believed that the safety of the campus was going to decrease
and 39% of them thought the opposite. 2% of the people either did not answer
that question or were not sure about this matter. This result is shown in
Figure 2 (Appendix B). This means that
our hypothesis about people`s opinion in this case was not true. We thought the
majority of TTU community would feel the other way. That is because we though
there were more Republicans at TTU and this was our base for considering that
hypothesis, so let’s look at the results and see whether or not the number of the
Republicans dominated those of other parties. As shown in Figure 3 (Appendix B),
indeed, the numbers of Republicans are more than Democrats, but surprisingly,
the majority of the respondents called themselves independents. As the graph suggests, 39% of the respondents
were Independent, 31% were Republicans, 20% were Democrats; 9% chose other
parties and 1% chose more than one party which they had identified themselves
with. Clearly, we did not expect to see that the majority of respondents would
prefer to count themselves as Independent; however, the numbers of Republicans
were more than Democrats. Furthermore, we tried to study more about the effect
of people`s political view and their opinion toward campus carry. The results
showed that the 76% of Republicans were pro-guns on campus and 24% of them were
against this law (Appendix B, Figure 4). On the other hand, only 10% of the
Democrats were in favor of guns and 90% of them were opposed to carry guns on
campus (Appendix B, Figure 5). Although these results were expected, we did not
think that there were going to be this gap and the results were going to be so
extreme. Also, from the independents, 73% were against this law and 27% of them
supported carrying guns on campus (Appendix B, Figure 6).
Another hypothesis that we made earlier was that women were not
going to be safer in our point of view. However, we wanted to see what the
majority of Texas Tech University would think of this. The results are shown in
Figure 7 (Appendix B). As the plot suggests, 56% of the respondents thought
that women were going to be safer if guns were allowed on campus and 44%
believed otherwise. These results completely disagreed with our hypothesis
toward this matter. But, that was the way the majority of people think here.
Furthermore, we predicted that the faculty and staff were more
likely to oppose this law because they had to deal with a lot of students, most
of whom could be armed; that is what would make them more nervous in general
and uncomfortable. Also we predicted that younger students around 21 were more
likely to support guns on campus. We tried to get an idea about this by asking
two questions. In one question, they were to choose their age range and their
position on campus and in another one, they were to express their feeling
toward others’ carrying guns on campus. The results showed that 79% of faculty
and staff were opposed to the campus carry law, while 14% didn’t mind that;
Also 7% were going to be suspicious about those who had guns (Appendix B, Figure
8). We also divided the undergrads into two groups of over and under 21; that
is because people are allowed to get guns when they are 21 & over. As
Figure 9(Appendix B) suggests, among undergrads under the age of 21, 43% of
them didn’t mind guns on campus and 11% were going to feel safer; while 21% of
them were going to become more nervous and 18% of them were going to be more
suspicious. The remaining ones answered anywhere between “no feeling”, “in
danger” and “other”. For the case of undergrads over the age of 21, same order
as above, results were 26%, 13%, 23% and 15% respectively (Appendix B, Figure
10). All these results showed that our prediction for faculty and staff were
correct and they were more concerned about this issue. However, we believed
that students under the age of 21 would be more opposed in comparison to
students older than 21, but the results showed otherwise, in the sense that
younger ones supported guns more. Last, we predicted that campus is not going
to be safer overall because people would not act well under pressure. However,
while people did think that the general safety of the campus would decrease, as
discussed earlier (with 59% opposed and 39% in favor of guns), 56% of them
believed they could handle a gun well under pressure (Appendix B, Figure 11).
Discussion
In this part all the hypotheses that we made earlier are discussed
and we wanted to argue each of them to see whether or not they could be
explained properly. As we saw in the result part, some of our findings from the
statistical study on the survey result were able to prove our previous points,
whereas some showed the opposite. First of all, as mentioned before, we tried
to keep the survey quite balanced in terms of gender. As the result suggested,
51% of the respondents were men, which was truly satisfying considering the
fact that 55% of TTU community is male whereas 45% are female. But it should be
noted that we kept the genders of participants almost equal intentionally.
Otherwise, the percentage of males versus females could have been different if
we chose the participants completely randomly. I think that even though the
actual percentage of men at TTU is higher than 51%, it would have not made much
sense to us to give the survey to a smaller number of women in order to keep
the proportion in that way.
For our first hypothesis we believed that the majority of the TTU
community was going to support campus carry, because that was our expectation
from a Conservative and Republican state. However, we observed that almost 59%
of participants were against this law, while 39% were pro guns. We can think of two reasons here for this
opposition. First, it could be related to the political parties which they
identified themselves with which will be discussed shortly; second, it could be
related to the fact that people are hearing a lot of reports from all across
the country about different mass shootings and they might blame it on campus
carry. They might think that if guns were not allowed on campus in the first
place, there would not be these problems at all. However, our survey could have conducted in a
better way with more people involved, because obviously, about 150 people were
asked and there are 30,000 people at TTU. As you can see, the survey was not
conducted among enough people so we can say that TTU is against the campus
carry confidently. The limitation for our work was that we handed out the
papers to each individual; however, it could have been done online and more
people could have gotten involved. In the future, the online poll can be more
helpful and give us more reasonable results closer to reality.
Another hypothesis that we made was that the majority of TTU people
were going to introduce themselves as Republicans. However, the results showed
only 31% identified as Republicans and 20% identified as Democrats.
Interestingly, 39% of the respondents identified themselves as independents.
This actually changed the dynamic of their answers as mentioned earlier above,
about their overall opinion toward safety of campus after the campus carry law.
I think the reason could be the fact that the younger generation of TTU does
not want to be forced to think in a way that a certain political party would
suggest they think. They want to be more free and make their own decisions or
follow a plan no matter which party would suggest that. By identifying themselves
as independents, they will not feel any pressure about their beliefs, and that
could be a positive thing. I think our survey did a good job offering various
choices to respondents and from this point of view there were no particular
limitations toward that.
Furthermore, we decided we thought the majority of Republicans were
going to support campus carry, while a majority of Democrats would believe the
opposite. The results demonstrated that 76% of the Republicans supported campus
carry, whereas 90% of Democrats were against the guns on campus. This result
actually proved our point and was pretty much the same that we expected from
these two parties. However, we did not expect to see this much difference. The
reason could be those who identified themselves as one of above parties could
have been biased in their thinking or they truly believed in their political
party and their statements and advertisements. The interesting part was the
fact that 73% of those who identified themselves as independents were against
guns on campus. This could mean that although they do not want to be recognized
as Republicans or Democrats, they are leaning toward Democrats evidently or at
least they think similar to them. So there is a slight chance that the new
generation of Texans is more likely to be less Republican and more
Democrat. I think people had enough
choices to choose from and the survey question was quite clear for this matter.
Although still the numbers of participants were nowhere close to the actual
population of TTU and also we missed some important departments such as law and
agriculture. The results could have been different if we considered those two
majors. In the future, we can conduct the poll in a way that the number of
respondents from each department can be corresponding to each department`s cut
of the overall numbers of people at TTU. For example, if 10% of the community is
in law school, 10% of respondents also should be from law school.
Another hypothesis that we made was that people were going to think
that women would be less safe if guns were allowed on campus. However, we
observed that 56% of people thought that women can be safer with guns. This
could mean that people would think the women are as capable as men and could
handle a gun in case they were assaulted or attacked. However, from the
perspective of sexism, we could have dropped this question from the survey,
because it might be considered that we thought women could not do well as well
as men. We could have asked women if they were comfortable with all these armed
men around and how they felt, because statistics show that men are more
responsible for assaults and shootings. So in future polls, we can ask directly
from the women and ask in a way that would not be offending.
Furthermore, we believed that faculty and staff would be less
likely to support guns on campus, and the results proved our points. About 79%
of faculty and staff were against guns on campus, and they mentioned they would
feel more nervous in that situation. They did not want to work in an atmosphere
where there are many armed young students around them. The reason might be
obvious, because the faculty member has to be in classes full of armed students
and he or she might be afraid of blaming or punishing careless students because
of their lack of effort in that course, because they could get mad and harm the
professor. In this way, the quality of the education of young students could be
decreased. The limitation of our study in this particular point was that the
number of faculty and staff was only 6, and clearly with this small number of
them, the results could not be relied on strongly. My suggestion is that for the
future, we can ask from about 10 percent of each department`s faculty and staff
and cover all the departments so the results can imitate the actual situation
on campus.
Last, we believed that people who were against campus carry would
think they could not do well under pressure with guns and this could be one of
their main reasons to be opposed to guns. However, surprisingly, even though
the majority of people were against guns, 56% of them thought they were going
to handle the gun well. So it means they did not underestimate their ability to
work with guns and their opposition toward guns has other reasons. I think we
could have asked them if they had ever used a gun under pressure. This was our
limitation because they could only think they are good with guns!
Conclusion
In this article, we studied the case of campus carry law which
allows people older than 21 years old to bring guns on campus. This topic has
been argued nationwide in the past recent years, and people are wondering
whether or not the general safety of campuses would be improved by that. There
are different factors that could be taken into account for having an impact on
people’s perception about campus carry, which were debated in the articles. We,
as an advanced English writing class at TTU, decided to review those articles and
used some of those factors along with some other parameters that we thought
could also be effective, in order to make our hypotheses. We were interested in
learning about people’s perception at TTU about this case, so we conducted a
poll among 148 respondents, both males and females from different departments.
We gave them 26 questions that we thought could help us analyzing the situation
better, and give us a better idea about whether or not our hypotheses were
true. We were wondering if the majority of TTU would identify themselves as
Republicans, because we suspected that the political view would be very
important in people’s perception about campus carry. However, surprisingly, we observed that only
31% of them considered themselves Republicans, whereas 20 % identified
themselves as Democrats. On the other hand, 39% of people considered themselves
independents. Also we believed that the majority of people would think that
women would not be safer if guns were allowed on campus. However, the results showed
that 56% thought that women were going to be safer after campus carry. Also,
56% of people believed that they would handle the guns quite well under the
pressure, which was in opposite of our hypothesis. In general we predicted that
the majority of people at TTU would be pro-guns, since we considered them to be
more Republicans; however, the results showed that 59% of them believed that
the guns will not make the campus safer overall.
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Welsh, T. (2012, July 20). Should the Colorado theater shooting spur more
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Appendix A: Survey
Appendix B: Figures
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