Tuesday, December 1, 2015

Study of Texas Tech University Community’s Perception about Campus Carry


Abstract
Campus carry is a term to define carrying guns on campus by people older than twenty-one years old. This has been an important topic to argue about in the past recent years nationwide, mostly because people’s opinions toward overall safety of campuses are different, and often completely opposed to each other. Pro-gun advocates believe that the general safety of campuses would be diminished by this law, whereas anti-gun advocates think the opposite. This proposition has been a case of debate in Texas Tech University (TTU) more frequently since the Texas Legislature passed the law of carrying guns on campus, effective by October 1, 2016.  We, as an advanced English writing class at TTU, were interested in studying the situation on our campus regarding this law, and people’s perspective toward that. In this study were reviewed 12 articles, which discussed different aspects of this law from both sides. Different possible effective parameters were considered in the articles such as political view, gender and age. Moreover, the debates and examples given by both sides to back up their claim to study whether or not the campus carry law would increase the overall safety of campuses were discussed. In order for us to see what people thought at TTU, we conducted a poll among 148 respondents, all associated with the university, and gave them 26 questions which were chosen based on our hypotheses. Then, we tabulated the data into Excel and analyzed them closely to see what the results meant and how they could guide us to reach a conclusion about the perception of the majority of people. Interestingly, we observed that about fifty-nine percent of respondents believed that the campus was going to be a less safe place to study and work. This result can be of interest of those who want to learn about TTU’s general perception about this case; however, the number of respondents might not reflect the whole population of Texas Tech University.
Keywords: campus carry, Texas Tech campus carry law, gun carry survey- Sina Saravi
Introduction
Campus Carry is a law which allows carrying guns on campuses to each individual older than twenty-one years old. Campus carry has been an important topic to debate, especially in colleges and university environments in the past recent years. There is a huge controversy around this case on some campuses about whether or not this action would make the academic atmosphere safer. There are many aspects which have been brought up from two sides, the pro-gun and anti-gun, that should be taken into account. This debate also has become popular here in Texas Tech University, since carrying concealed guns has been allowed by law as it is passed by Texas Legislature and will be effective on campus by October 1, 2016. However, it should be noticed that only people with concealed handgun licenses (CHL) are eligible to carry guns on campus (Michael, 2015). We, as participants of an advanced writing class at Texas Tech University, have decided to do research in this area. We were curious to learn about the students` point of view as well as that of faculty and staff to determine the popularity of this law; hence, we put together a poll which was conducted among Texas Tech respondents. There are many plausible parameters which can be considered to have significant impact on everyone`s opinion. We suspected that the political view of people may give us a good idea about which side they stand on. It is expected to have more opposition toward campus carry among Democrats and more support by Republicans. A survey was conducted by the University of Texas at Austin among their students and results showed that majority of Republicans were in favor of guns while the majority of Democrats were opposed to them (Concealed carry on college campuses support, 2015). This result clearly supports the hypothesis which we assumed earlier, but still should be studied in Texas Tech as well. Furthermore, most of us believed that the gender of respondents might be another parameter which could be effective in the results. Some people think women will be less likely to be assaulted if they can carry a gun on campus. However, according to the article “Say no to guns on college campuses”, the authors believe that the number of fatalities among women increases wherever there are more guns (Reindl and Cocco, 2015). Furthermore, many of us think that the age of people would play a key role in their idea toward campus carry, so we decided to divide the respondents into a range of different ages including younger as well as older than twenty-one years old. That is because, for example, it is important to see how younger students would feel when their classmates have guns but they are not allowed to carry one. In general, we were wondering whether carrying concealed guns on campus would make us feel safer and if more people with guns would help everyone in case of a mass shooting similar to what happened in Virginia Tech. As mentioned in the article “Colorado shooting shows the failure of gun control laws”, the author pointed out that carrying guns would make people feel safer and guns can protect them (Pratt, 2012). Do we agree with this statement or should we think about negative possible consequences? All these controversies led us to study this particular case with the use of real statistics to learn more about campus carry and people`s feeling toward that at Texas Tech University.
Literature Review and Hypothesis
As was introduced above, carrying concealed guns is a law that allows people to be armed on campus, which is often called campus carry. This topic is quite a controversial debated case, nationwide. The major public concern is to conclude whether or not this law will make the campuses safer than before. There are pro-gun advocates who think by applying this law, people will be able to protect themselves. For example Tressa Welsh believed that innocent people should not be prevented from carrying guns in order to protect themselves, upon a mass shooting in Colorado theater which had 12 fatalities (Welsh, 2012).
Furthermore, Madison Welch believed that guns should not be prohibited, people should be able to carry guns on Texas Tech University campus and it would not make the university a more dangerous place. Welch also believed that increasing the security would not seem that necessary (Welch, 2015). On the other hand, anti-gun advocates believe we might end up with a far worse chaos in case of a shooting incident; thus in general, guns will not guarantee that people live safely. This debate has always been an interesting topic here at Texas Tech University as well; especially after Texas Legislature passed a bill about campus carry which will be effective on October 1, 2016 (Michael, 2015). In various articles, people have studied about different aspects of this issue and done much research considering different possible effective parameters. For example it is said that guns should not become a common item carried in classrooms and academic atmosphere as well as the extra costs would be another problem (Alford, 2015). In another study, Jenna Simsen and Lindsay Humphrey talked about some negative consequences that could happen in their university (University of Houston-Clear Lake) such as alcohol consuming by younger students, and that could cause numerous problems if they carried guns as well (Jenna Simsen and Lindsay Humphrey, 2015). People`s opinions might be drastically different from the others, depending on their age, gender and political view.
In case of political view, the common belief is that people  who are identified with Republicans are more in favor of carrying guns; on the other hand, Democrats usually are opposed to doing so. According to a survey which was conducted at University of Texas at Austin, a majority of Democrats disliked having guns on campus (Concealed carry on college campuses support, 2015). The results showed that sixty-nine percent of Republicans think that concealed guns should be allowed on campus, in contrast to the Democrats with seventy-two percent opposition.
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Hence, we believe that there is going to be a similar trend in most campuses such as Texas Tech University even though there could be differences in people`s perception from one city to another city and one college to another. We think it is more likely that people at Texas Tech University support campus carry in general and think that guns will make our campus safer, because we suspect that there are more Republicans here. This prediction has led us to include this assumption in our study and ask people about their political view in the survey.
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However, political view is not the only parameter that can cause difference in opinions. Some people believe that carrying guns will help women to be safer as well as it will be less likely for them to get assaulted if they carried guns (Kaufman, 2015). However, the same article reports that according to a conducted survey, near one third of victims were assaulted by their close friends or partners; thus, the authors suggest that guns are not our best options to protect women. Furthermore, in another study (Reindl and Cocco, 2015), the author brought up the fact that the number of female casualties rises wherever there are more guns.
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As we see, it is important to consider the differences between men and woman in our research. I personally think that the campus will not be a safer place for women if everyone has a concealed gun. However, we hypothesized that there were going to be many people who thought otherwise. As mentioned above, guns might not be a good solution according to statistics. Sometime, the assaulter might grab the victims` guns and use them against the owner. So this parameter should be taken into account and look for real statistics from respondents.
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Another possible important factor can be considered as age. Some people believe that younger students might not be able to handle guns as well as older ones. However, in an article titled “Allowing guns on campus will cost Texas Tech $7 million dollars” the author refers to a scientific fact that expresses that there is no specific age in which you can say the human mind is completely developed (Morgan, 2015). This means that even in older ages, people might not be able to control themselves as they thought they could. Moreover it should be noticed that how faculty might feel about their students carrying guns while sitting in classes. Would they feel safe in this way or not? According to a study, by applying this law, the tension between students and professor might increase and professors would not feel as comfortable as they used to towards their students and might get frightened by them (Clark, 2015). Also Joanna Cattanach pointed out the same issue which the professor would be scared of the students and also students who had experienced or witnessed gun violence might feel more nervous if they saw guns in classes (Cattanach, 2015)
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Based on above mentioned facts, we suspected that asking the respondents about their age could help us figuring out what is the relation between their ages and their feeling toward campus carry. We were curious to find out what younger students might feel if their classmates had guns while they were not allowed to bring one on campus. Also we were curious how faculty and staff would think of this law and whether or not this law would cause them to be more intimidated and nervous. We believe faculty and staff are more likely to oppose this law because they do not want to feel anxious in class or their work area. Also I personally suspect that students around 21-22 years old are more likely to support this law because they are young and more likely to take risks as well as they are allowed to carry one.
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There are also many debates about this question: whether or not guns could help us in case of a mass shooting. Some people support campus carry and think it could prevent some disasters like the mass shooting at the Virginia Tech. They say people should be able to protect themselves in case of an incident similar to Virginia Tech shooting; otherwise, many people could die because they were in a gun free zone and could not defend themselves (Pratt, 2012).
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According to a supporter`s point of view, guns might help people on campuses to defend themselves in case of chaos. But unlike that, we believe that guns will not make the campus safer because people cannot do well under pressure; moreover it is hard to distinguish between the good guys and bad guys in case of a mass shooting. So we tried to ask this question to see what the majority of Texas Tech community would think.
Method
As we discussed in the previous part, we predicted a few hypotheses which represented our thought toward campus carry. Reviewing related articles have introduced us to different ideas and points of view in which have led us to conclude those hypotheses. However, we were interested in verifying them with use of statistical study and this goal could not be achieved unless we prepared a survey to ask people about their opinion.  We, the participants of our English class, reached to an agreement in a way that all the survey sheets must be spread out among Texas Tech University community. That is because we thought people outside of the Tech community would not be faced to the possible problems regarding campus carry, so the questions should be asked from those who are going to deal with future issues or benefits of campus carry law directly.  The other term that we agreed on was to keep the gender of the respondents balanced. We wanted to keep the number of male and female respondents as close as possible to each other. Furthermore, both Americans and internationals were considered to answer the questionnaire to demonstrate the diversity on campus properly. The final version of the questionnaire that we came up with in this study includes twenty-six questions which were printed on a page front and back and were given to people from different departments on campus to have a better distribution (Appendix A). All the hypotheses that were mentioned in literature review and hypotheses part were considered to be asked in the questionnaire. At the beginning of the survey, respondents were asked to identify their gender by checking male or female. Also there was another question about our hypothesis toward safeness of women in case of carrying guns. Since we predicted that women are not going to be safer if they carried guns all the time, we wanted to determine what respondents will believe about this matter. They only had two choices to answer: Yes and No.  Although we did the question in this way to help us to interpret the results better, but I think we could have done in a way that the respondents were not be forces to answer bios and could express their belief a little bit more exact.  Another hypothesis that we made was to consider the age range and the effect that it could have on people`s feeling toward campus carry. Also we expected to see differences in opinions between students and faculty. So we included a question about this case in which they had to describe their role at TTU by choosing one of the following: Undergrad<21, Undergrad 21 & over, Graduate/master`s, Graduate/PhD, Faculty and Non-Fac. Employee. I think this question was well prepared and general while being exact enough for our purpose. The reason that the age of 21 was important for us was that at this age, people are allowed to get their CHL (Concealed Handgun licensing). Moreover, articles suggested that people who identified with the Democrats were more likely to oppose campus carry and on the other hand, the Republicans were more likely to support this law. Hence, we considered a question about their political view in which they had to choose between Republican, Democrat, Other and Independent/NA. I think the structure of this question was good enough because in this way, they had all the choices to feel comfortable to answer. However, for interpreting the data, we had to consider all the four categories and it made the work a little bit harder, but the results are going to be closer to reality. Last, we were interested in determining whether or not people`s perceptions were going to be similar to our hypothesis about general safety of the campus by applying this law. We included a few questions regarding this and in one case, people were asked to answer a very general question: “Do you think concealed gun carry permission will make the campus safer overall?” while they were given two choices to answer which were only “Yes” and “No”.  Although we could have given them more choices, for example a scale from 1 to 5 for them to express their feeling toward the general safety of the campus; we wanted to know what their final opinion was about this law.
After spreading out the survey among the participants from different departments at TTU, we ended up with one hundred and forty eight surveys of which seventy-six were male and seventy-two were female, so we were able to get the numbers close to what we wanted. We tabulated all the data in an Excel file which is including each individual`s answer to the twenty-six questions. The results were categorized accordingly in different graphs which will be introduced in the result part of this paper.
Results
In this part are discussed the results which we got from the respondents followed by several graphs plotted by use of achieved data in order to back up our statements. Interestingly, some of the plots and results were in favor of our hypotheses and some of them proved otherwise. As mentioned in previous part, we tried to keep the gender of the respondents close to each other and as Figure 1 (Appendix B) suggests; 51% of the people who were asked were male and 49% of them were female. Thus, we were able to conduct a balanced poll in terms of gender. There were many questions in the survey, but we were more interested in extracting those data that could help us prove or disprove our hypotheses. For example we believed that the majority of the Texas Tech University community would support the campus carry law. Hence, we tried to answer this question by using question 25 of the survey, which was about the overall safety of the campus after applying the campus carry law. Among all the respondents, 59% of them believed that the safety of the campus was going to decrease and 39% of them thought the opposite. 2% of the people either did not answer that question or were not sure about this matter. This result is shown in Figure 2 (Appendix B).  This means that our hypothesis about people`s opinion in this case was not true. We thought the majority of TTU community would feel the other way. That is because we though there were more Republicans at TTU and this was our base for considering that hypothesis, so let’s look at the results and see whether or not the number of the Republicans dominated those of other parties. As shown in Figure 3 (Appendix B), indeed, the numbers of Republicans are more than Democrats, but surprisingly, the majority of the respondents called themselves independents.  As the graph suggests, 39% of the respondents were Independent, 31% were Republicans, 20% were Democrats; 9% chose other parties and 1% chose more than one party which they had identified themselves with. Clearly, we did not expect to see that the majority of respondents would prefer to count themselves as Independent; however, the numbers of Republicans were more than Democrats. Furthermore, we tried to study more about the effect of people`s political view and their opinion toward campus carry. The results showed that the 76% of Republicans were pro-guns on campus and 24% of them were against this law (Appendix B, Figure 4). On the other hand, only 10% of the Democrats were in favor of guns and 90% of them were opposed to carry guns on campus (Appendix B, Figure 5). Although these results were expected, we did not think that there were going to be this gap and the results were going to be so extreme. Also, from the independents, 73% were against this law and 27% of them supported carrying guns on campus (Appendix B, Figure 6).
Another hypothesis that we made earlier was that women were not going to be safer in our point of view. However, we wanted to see what the majority of Texas Tech University would think of this. The results are shown in Figure 7 (Appendix B). As the plot suggests, 56% of the respondents thought that women were going to be safer if guns were allowed on campus and 44% believed otherwise. These results completely disagreed with our hypothesis toward this matter. But, that was the way the majority of people think here.
Furthermore, we predicted that the faculty and staff were more likely to oppose this law because they had to deal with a lot of students, most of whom could be armed; that is what would make them more nervous in general and uncomfortable. Also we predicted that younger students around 21 were more likely to support guns on campus. We tried to get an idea about this by asking two questions. In one question, they were to choose their age range and their position on campus and in another one, they were to express their feeling toward others’ carrying guns on campus. The results showed that 79% of faculty and staff were opposed to the campus carry law, while 14% didn’t mind that; Also 7% were going to be suspicious about those who had guns (Appendix B, Figure 8). We also divided the undergrads into two groups of over and under 21; that is because people are allowed to get guns when they are 21 & over. As Figure 9(Appendix B) suggests, among undergrads under the age of 21, 43% of them didn’t mind guns on campus and 11% were going to feel safer; while 21% of them were going to become more nervous and 18% of them were going to be more suspicious. The remaining ones answered anywhere between “no feeling”, “in danger” and “other”. For the case of undergrads over the age of 21, same order as above, results were 26%, 13%, 23% and 15% respectively (Appendix B, Figure 10). All these results showed that our prediction for faculty and staff were correct and they were more concerned about this issue. However, we believed that students under the age of 21 would be more opposed in comparison to students older than 21, but the results showed otherwise, in the sense that younger ones supported guns more. Last, we predicted that campus is not going to be safer overall because people would not act well under pressure. However, while people did think that the general safety of the campus would decrease, as discussed earlier (with 59% opposed and 39% in favor of guns), 56% of them believed they could handle a gun well under pressure (Appendix B, Figure 11).
Discussion
In this part all the hypotheses that we made earlier are discussed and we wanted to argue each of them to see whether or not they could be explained properly. As we saw in the result part, some of our findings from the statistical study on the survey result were able to prove our previous points, whereas some showed the opposite. First of all, as mentioned before, we tried to keep the survey quite balanced in terms of gender. As the result suggested, 51% of the respondents were men, which was truly satisfying considering the fact that 55% of TTU community is male whereas 45% are female. But it should be noted that we kept the genders of participants almost equal intentionally. Otherwise, the percentage of males versus females could have been different if we chose the participants completely randomly. I think that even though the actual percentage of men at TTU is higher than 51%, it would have not made much sense to us to give the survey to a smaller number of women in order to keep the proportion in that way.
For our first hypothesis we believed that the majority of the TTU community was going to support campus carry, because that was our expectation from a Conservative and Republican state. However, we observed that almost 59% of participants were against this law, while 39% were pro guns.  We can think of two reasons here for this opposition. First, it could be related to the political parties which they identified themselves with which will be discussed shortly; second, it could be related to the fact that people are hearing a lot of reports from all across the country about different mass shootings and they might blame it on campus carry. They might think that if guns were not allowed on campus in the first place, there would not be these problems at all.  However, our survey could have conducted in a better way with more people involved, because obviously, about 150 people were asked and there are 30,000 people at TTU. As you can see, the survey was not conducted among enough people so we can say that TTU is against the campus carry confidently. The limitation for our work was that we handed out the papers to each individual; however, it could have been done online and more people could have gotten involved. In the future, the online poll can be more helpful and give us more reasonable results closer to reality.
Another hypothesis that we made was that the majority of TTU people were going to introduce themselves as Republicans. However, the results showed only 31% identified as Republicans and 20% identified as Democrats. Interestingly, 39% of the respondents identified themselves as independents. This actually changed the dynamic of their answers as mentioned earlier above, about their overall opinion toward safety of campus after the campus carry law. I think the reason could be the fact that the younger generation of TTU does not want to be forced to think in a way that a certain political party would suggest they think. They want to be more free and make their own decisions or follow a plan no matter which party would suggest that. By identifying themselves as independents, they will not feel any pressure about their beliefs, and that could be a positive thing. I think our survey did a good job offering various choices to respondents and from this point of view there were no particular limitations toward that.
Furthermore, we decided we thought the majority of Republicans were going to support campus carry, while a majority of Democrats would believe the opposite. The results demonstrated that 76% of the Republicans supported campus carry, whereas 90% of Democrats were against the guns on campus. This result actually proved our point and was pretty much the same that we expected from these two parties. However, we did not expect to see this much difference. The reason could be those who identified themselves as one of above parties could have been biased in their thinking or they truly believed in their political party and their statements and advertisements. The interesting part was the fact that 73% of those who identified themselves as independents were against guns on campus. This could mean that although they do not want to be recognized as Republicans or Democrats, they are leaning toward Democrats evidently or at least they think similar to them. So there is a slight chance that the new generation of Texans is more likely to be less Republican and more Democrat.  I think people had enough choices to choose from and the survey question was quite clear for this matter. Although still the numbers of participants were nowhere close to the actual population of TTU and also we missed some important departments such as law and agriculture. The results could have been different if we considered those two majors. In the future, we can conduct the poll in a way that the number of respondents from each department can be corresponding to each department`s cut of the overall numbers of people at TTU. For example, if 10% of the community is in law school, 10% of respondents also should be from law school.
Another hypothesis that we made was that people were going to think that women would be less safe if guns were allowed on campus. However, we observed that 56% of people thought that women can be safer with guns. This could mean that people would think the women are as capable as men and could handle a gun in case they were assaulted or attacked. However, from the perspective of sexism, we could have dropped this question from the survey, because it might be considered that we thought women could not do well as well as men. We could have asked women if they were comfortable with all these armed men around and how they felt, because statistics show that men are more responsible for assaults and shootings. So in future polls, we can ask directly from the women and ask in a way that would not be offending.
Furthermore, we believed that faculty and staff would be less likely to support guns on campus, and the results proved our points. About 79% of faculty and staff were against guns on campus, and they mentioned they would feel more nervous in that situation. They did not want to work in an atmosphere where there are many armed young students around them. The reason might be obvious, because the faculty member has to be in classes full of armed students and he or she might be afraid of blaming or punishing careless students because of their lack of effort in that course, because they could get mad and harm the professor. In this way, the quality of the education of young students could be decreased. The limitation of our study in this particular point was that the number of faculty and staff was only 6, and clearly with this small number of them, the results could not be relied on strongly. My suggestion is that for the future, we can ask from about 10 percent of each department`s faculty and staff and cover all the departments so the results can imitate the actual situation on campus.
Last, we believed that people who were against campus carry would think they could not do well under pressure with guns and this could be one of their main reasons to be opposed to guns. However, surprisingly, even though the majority of people were against guns, 56% of them thought they were going to handle the gun well. So it means they did not underestimate their ability to work with guns and their opposition toward guns has other reasons. I think we could have asked them if they had ever used a gun under pressure. This was our limitation because they could only think they are good with guns!
Conclusion
In this article, we studied the case of campus carry law which allows people older than 21 years old to bring guns on campus. This topic has been argued nationwide in the past recent years, and people are wondering whether or not the general safety of campuses would be improved by that. There are different factors that could be taken into account for having an impact on people’s perception about campus carry, which were debated in the articles. We, as an advanced English writing class at TTU, decided to review those articles and used some of those factors along with some other parameters that we thought could also be effective, in order to make our hypotheses. We were interested in learning about people’s perception at TTU about this case, so we conducted a poll among 148 respondents, both males and females from different departments. We gave them 26 questions that we thought could help us analyzing the situation better, and give us a better idea about whether or not our hypotheses were true. We were wondering if the majority of TTU would identify themselves as Republicans, because we suspected that the political view would be very important in people’s perception about campus carry.  However, surprisingly, we observed that only 31% of them considered themselves Republicans, whereas 20 % identified themselves as Democrats. On the other hand, 39% of people considered themselves independents. Also we believed that the majority of people would think that women would not be safer if guns were allowed on campus. However, the results showed that 56% thought that women were going to be safer after campus carry. Also, 56% of people believed that they would handle the guns quite well under the pressure, which was in opposite of our hypothesis. In general we predicted that the majority of people at TTU would be pro-guns, since we considered them to be more Republicans; however, the results showed that 59% of them believed that the guns will not make the campus safer overall.

Bibliography
Alford, F. (2015, March 5). Say ‘no’ to concealed carry on college campuses. The Cougar. Retrieved on September 1, 2015 from http://thedailycougar.com/2015/03/05/say-no-concealed-carry-college-campuses/Alford
Clark, D. (2015, July 28). Cautious optimism as the struggle with campus carry begins. The Daily Texan. Retrieved on September 25, 2015 from http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2015/07/28/cautious-optimism-as-the-struggle-with-campus-carry-begins 
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Morgan, C. (2015, February 22). Allowing guns on campus will cost Texas Tech $7 million dollars. Lubbock Avalanche Journal. Retrieved on September 25, 2015 from http://lubbockonline.com/interact/blog-post/carol-morgan/2015-02-22/allowing-guns-campus-will-cost-texas-tech-7-million#.VeZ8-fldXYj
Pratt, E. (2012, July 26). Colorado shooting shows the failure of gun control laws. U.S. News. Retrieved on September 23, 2015 from http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/does-the-colorado-shooting-prove-the-need-for more-gun-control-laws/colorado-shooting-shows-the-failure-of-gun-control-laws
Reindl, J. and Cocco, J. (2015, February 26). Say no to guns on college campuses. CNN. Retrieved on September 23, 2015 from http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/26/opinion/reindl-cocco-campus-no-guns/ 
Simsen, J and Humphrey, L (2015, September 8). Student debate guns on campus-cons. The Signal. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page/portal/USN/TheSignal/Editorial?articleId=1286
Welch, M. (2015, May 22). The truth about campus carry. TribTalk, Perspective on Texas. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from http://www.tribtalk.org/2015/05/22/the-truth-about-campus-carry/

Welsh, T. (2012, July 20). Should the Colorado theater shooting spur more gun control? U.S. News. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/07/20/should-the-colorado-theater-shooting-spur-more-gun-control


Appendix A: Survey

 Appendix B: Figures

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